Thursday, October 20, 2016

The Proposal by Anton Chekhov

Listen to the audio here , here, and here 

Watch the play here, here and here

THE PROPOSAL

A play in one-act

By Anton Chekhov

CHARACTERS

STEPAN STEPANOVITCH CHUBUKOV, a landowner

NATALYA STEPANOVNA, his daughter, twenty-five years old

IVAN VASSILEVITCH LOMOV, a neighbour of Chubukov, a large and hearty, but very suspicious landowner

SETTING

Russia, late nineteenth century, CHUBUKOV's country-house

[A drawing-room in CHUBUKOV'S house.]

[LOMOV enters, wearing a dress-jacket and white gloves. CHUBUKOV rises to meet him.]

CHUBUKOV: My dear fellow, whom do I see! Ivan Vassilevitch! I am extremely glad! 
[Shakes his hand] Now this is a surprise, my dear ... How are you?

LOMOV: Thank you. And how may you be getting on?

CHUBUKOV: We just get along somehow, my angel, thank God!, and so on. Sit down, please do. ... Now, you know, you shouldn't forget all about your neighbours, my darling. My dear fellow, why are you dressed so formally? Evening dress, gloves, and so on. Can you be going anywhere?

LOMOV: No, I've come only to see you, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch.

CHUBUKOV: Then why are you in evening dress? As if you're paying a New Year's Eve visit!

LOMOV: Well, you see, it's like this. [Takes his arm] I've come to you, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, to trouble you with a request. Not once or twice have I already had the privilege of applying to you for help, and you have always, so to speak ... I must ask your pardon, I am getting excited. I shall drink some water, honoured Stepan Stepanovitch. [Drinks.]

CHUBUKOV: [Aside] He's come to borrow money! I will not give him any! [Aloud] What is it, my friend?

LOMOV: You see, Honour Stepanitch ... I beg pardon, Stepan Honouritch ... I mean, I'm awfully excited, as you will please notice. ... In short, you alone can help me, though I don't deserve it, of course ... and haven't any right to count on your assistance. ...

CHUBUKOV: Oh, don't go round and round it! Spit it out! Well?

LOMOV: One moment ... this very minute. The fact is, I've come to ask for the hand of your daughter, Natalya Stepanovna, in marriage.

CHUBUKOV: [Joyfully] My God! Ivan Vassilevitch! Say it again--I didn't hear it all!

LOMOV: I have the honour to ask ...

CHUBUKOV: [Interrupting] My dear fellow ... I'm so glad, and so on. ... Yes, indeed, and all that sort of thing. [Embraces and kisses LOMOV] I've been hoping for it for a long time. It's been my continual desire. [Sheds a tear] And I've always loved you, my angel, as if you were my own son. May God give you both His help and His love and so on, and I did so much hope ... What am I behaving in this idiotic way for? I'm off my balance with joy, absolutely off my balance! Oh, with all my soul ... I'll go and call Natasha, and all that.

LOMOV: [Greatly moved] Honoured Stepan Stepanovitch, do you think I may count on her consent?

CHUBUKOV: Why, of course, my darling, and ... as if she won't consent! She's in love; yes, she's like a love-sick cat, and so on. ... I won’t be long! [Exit.]

LOMOV: It's cold ... I'm trembling all over, just as if I'd got an examination before me. The great thing is, I must have my mind made up. If I give myself time to think, to hesitate, to talk a lot, to look for an ideal, or for real love, then I'll never get married. ... Brr! ... It's cold! Natalya Stepanovna is an excellent housekeeper, not bad-looking, well-educated. ... What more do I want? But I'm getting a noise in my ears from excitement. [Drinks] And it's impossible for me not to marry. ... In the first place, I'm already 35--a critical age, so to speak. In the second place, I ought to lead a quiet and regular life. ... I suffer from palpitations, I'm excitable and always getting awfully upset. ... At this very moment my lips are trembling, and there's a twitch in my right eyebrow. ... But the very worst of all is the way I sleep. I no sooner get into bed and begin to go off when suddenly something in my left side gets tight, and I can feel it in my shoulder and head. ... I jump up like a lunatic, walk about a bit, and lie down again, but as soon as I begin to get off to sleep it’s tight again! And this may happen twenty times. ...

[NATALYA STEPANOVNA comes in.]

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Well, there! It's you, and papa said, "Go; there's a merchant come for his goods." How do you do, Ivan Vassilevitch!

LOMOV: How do you do, honoured Natalya Stepanovna?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: You must excuse my apron and néligé ... we're shelling peas for drying. Why haven't you been here for such a long time? Sit down. [They seat themselves] Won't you have some lunch?

LOMOV: No, thank you, I've had some already.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Then smoke. ... Here are the matches. ... The weather is splendid now, but yesterday it was so wet that the workmen didn't do anything all day. How much hay have you stacked? Just think, I felt greedy and had a whole field cut, and now I'm not at all pleased about it because I'm afraid my hay may rot. I ought to have waited a bit. But what's this? Why, you're in evening dress! Well, I never! Are you going to a ball, or what?--though I must say you look better. Tell me, why are you dressed like that?

LOMOV: [Excited] You see, honoured Natalya Stepanovna ... the fact is, I've made up my mind to ask you to hear me out. ... Of course you'll be surprised and perhaps even angry, but a ... [Aside] It's awfully cold!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What's the matter? [Pause] Well?

LOMOV: I shall try to be brief. You must know, honoured Natalya Stepanovna, that I have long, since my childhood, in fact, had the privilege of knowing your family. My late aunt and her husband, from whom, as you know, I inherited my land, always had the greatest respect for your father and your late mother. The Lomovs and the Chubukovs have always had the most friendly, and I might almost say the most affectionate, regard for each other. And, as you know, my land is a near neighbour of yours. You will remember that my Oxen Meadows touch your birchwoods.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Excuse my interrupting you. You say, "my Oxen Meadows. ..." But are they yours?

LOMOV: Yes, mine.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What are you talking about? Oxen Meadows are ours, not yours!

LOMOV: No, mine, honoured Natalya Stepanovna.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Well, I never knew that before. How do you make that out?

LOMOV: How? I'm speaking of those Oxen Meadows which are wedged in between your birchwoods and the Burnt Marsh.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Yes, yes. ... They're ours.

LOMOV: No, you're mistaken, honoured Natalya Stepanovna, they're mine.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Just think, Ivan Vassilevitch! How long have they been yours?

LOMOV: How long? As long as I can remember.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Really, you won't get me to believe that!

LOMOV: But you can see from the documents, honoured Natalya Stepanovna. Oxen Meadows, it's true, were once the subject of dispute, but now everybody knows that they are mine. There's nothing to argue about. You see, my aunt's grandmother gave the free use of these Meadows in perpetuity to the peasants of your father's grandfather, in return for which they were to make bricks for her. The peasants belonging to your father's grandfather had the free use of the Meadows for forty years, and had got into the habit of regarding them as their own, when it happened that ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: No, it isn't at all like that! Both my grandfather and great-grandfather thought that their land extended to Burnt Marsh--which means that Oxen Meadows were ours. I don't see what there is to argue about. It's simply silly!

LOMOV: I'll show you the documents, Natalya Stepanovna!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: No, you're simply joking, or making fun of me. ... What a surprise! We've had the land for nearly three hundred years, and then we're suddenly told that it isn't ours! Ivan Vassilevitch, I can hardly believe my own ears. ... These Meadows aren't worth much to me. They only come to 14 acres, and are worth perhaps 300 rubles , but I can't stand unfairness. Say what you will, but I can't stand unfairness.

LOMOV: Hear me out, I implore you! The peasants of your father's grandfather, as I have already had the honour of explaining to you, used to bake bricks for my aunt's grandmother. Now my aunt's grandmother, wishing to make them a pleasant ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I can't make head or tail of all this about aunts and grandfathers and grandmothers! The Meadows are ours, and that's all.

LOMOV: Mine

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Ours! You can go on proving it for two days on end, you can go and put on fifteen dress-jackets, but I tell you they're ours, ours, ours! I don't want anything of yours and I don't want to give up anything of mine. So there!

LOMOV: Natalya Ivanovna, I don't want the Meadows, but I am acting on principle. If you like, I'll make you a present of them.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I can make you a present of them myself, because they're mine! Your behaviour, Ivan Vassilevitch, is strange, to say the least! Up to now we have always thought of you as a good neighbour, a friend: last year we lent you our threshing-machine, although on that account we had to put off our own threshing till November, but you behave to us as if we were gypsies. Giving me my own land, indeed! No, really, that's not at all neighbourly! In my opinion, it's even rude, if you want to know....

LOMOV: Then you make out that I'm a land-grabber? Madam, never in my life have I grabbed anybody else's land, and I shan't allow anybody to accuse me of having done so. ... [Quickly steps to the carafe and drinks more water] Oxen Meadows are mine!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: It's not true, they're ours!

LOMOV: Mine!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: It's not true! I'll prove it! I'll send my mowers out to the Meadows this very day!

LOMOV: What?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: My mowers will be there this very day!

LOMOV: I'll give it to them in the neck!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: You dare!

LOMOV: [Clutches at his heart] Oxen Meadows are mine! You understand? Mine!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Please don't shout! You can shout yourself hoarse in your own house, but here I must ask you to restrain yourself!

LOMOV: If it wasn't, madam, for this awful, horrible palpitation, if my whole inside wasn't upset, I'd talk to you in a different way! [Yells] Oxen Meadows are mine!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Ours!

LOMOV: Mine!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Ours!

LOMOV: Mine!

[Enter CHUBUKOV.]

CHUBUKOV: What's the matter? What are you shouting at?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Papa, please tell to this gentleman who owns Oxen Meadows, we or he?

CHUBUKOV: [To LOMOV] My dear, the Meadows are ours!

LOMOV: But, please, Stepan Stepanitch, how can they be yours? Do be a reasonable man! My aunt's grandmother gave the Meadows for the temporary and free use of your grandfather's peasants. The peasants used the land for forty years and got as accustomed to it as if it was their own, when it happened that ...

CHUBUKOV: Excuse me, my precious. ... You forget just this, that the peasants didn't pay your grandmother, because the Meadows were in dispute, and so on. And now everybody knows that they're ours. It means that you haven't seen the plan.

LOMOV: I'll prove to you that they're mine!

CHUBUKOV: You won't prove it, my darling.

LOMOV: I shall!

CHUBUKOV: Dear one, why yell like that? You won't prove anything just by yelling. I don't want anything of yours, and don't intend to give up what I have. Why should I? And you know, my beloved, that if you propose to go on arguing about it, I'd much sooner give up the meadows to the peasants than to you. There!

LOMOV: I don't understand! How have you the right to give away somebody else's property?

CHUBUKOV: You may take it that I know whether I have the right or not. Because, young man, I'm not used to being spoken to in that tone of voice, and so on: I, young man, am twice your age, and ask you to speak to me without agitating yourself, and all that.

LOMOV: No, you just think I'm a fool and want to trick me! You call my land yours, and then you want me to talk to you calmly and politely! Good neighbours don't behave like that, Stepan Stepanitch! You're not a neighbour, you're a grabber!

CHUBUKOV: What's that? What did you say?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Papa, send the mowers out to the Meadows at once!

CHUBUKOV: What did you say, sir?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Oxen Meadows are ours, and I won’t give them up, won't give them up, won't give them up!

LOMOV: We'll see! I'll have the matter taken to court, and then I'll show you!

CHUBUKOV: To court? You can take it to court, and all that! You can! I know you; you're just on the look-out for a chance to go to court, and all that. ... You swindler! All your people were like that! All of them!

LOMOV: Never mind about my people! The Lomovs have all been honourable people, and not one has ever been tried for embezzlement, like your grandfather!

CHUBUKOV: You Lomovs have had lunacy in your family, all of you!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: All, all, all!

CHUBUKOV: Your grandfather was a drunkard, and your younger aunt, Nastasya Mihailovna, ran away with an architect, and so on.

LOMOV: And your mother was hump-backed. [Clutches at his heart] Something pulling in my side. ... My head. ... Help! Water!

CHUBUKOV: Your father was a gambler!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: And there haven't been many backbiters to equal your aunt!

LOMOV: My left foot has gone to sleep. ... You're an schemer. ... Oh, my heart! ... And it's an open secret that before the last elections you bribed ... I can see stars. ... Where's my hat?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: It's low! It's dishonest! It's mean!

CHUBUKOV: And you're just a lying, double-faced schemer! Yes!

LOMOV: Here's my hat. ... My heart! ... Which way? Where's the door? Oh! ... I think I'm dying. ... My foot's quite numb. ...

[Goes to the door.]

CHUBUKOV: [Following him] And don't set foot in my house again!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Take it to court! We'll see!

[LOMOV staggers out.]

CHUBUKOV: Devil take him! [Walks about in excitement.]

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What a rascal! What trust can one have in one's neighbours after that!

CHUBUKOV: The villain! The scarecrow!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: The monster! First he takes our land and then he has the impudence to abuse us.

CHUBUKOV: And that blind-hen, yes, that fool has the confounded cheek to make a proposal, and so on! What? A proposal!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What proposal?

CHUBUKOV: Why, he came here so as to propose to you.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: To propose? To me? Why didn't you tell me so before?

CHUBUKOV: So he dresses up in evening clothes. The stuffed sausage! The old fool!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: To propose to me? Ah! [Falls into an easy-chair and wails] Bring him back! Back! Ah! Bring him here.

CHUBUKOV: Bring whom here?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Quick, quick! I'm ill! Fetch him! [Hysterics.]

CHUBUKOV: What's that? What's the matter with you? [Clutches at his head] Oh, unhappy man that I am! I'll shoot myself! I'll hang myself! We've done for her!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I'm dying! Fetch him!

CHUBUKOV: Oy! At once. Don't yell!

[Runs out. A pause. NATALYA STEPANOVNA wails.]

NATALYA STEPANOVNA. What have they done to me! Fetch him back! Fetch him! [A pause.]

[CHUBUKOV runs in.]

CHUBUKOV: He's coming, and so on, devil take him! Ouf! Talk to him yourself; I don't want to. ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: [Wails] Fetch him!

CHUBUKOV: [Yells] He's coming, I tell you. Oh, what a burden, Lord, to be the father of a grown-up daughter! I'll cut my throat! I will, indeed! We cursed him, abused him, drove him out, and it's all you ... you!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: No, it was you!

CHUBUKOV: I tell you it's not my fault. [LOMOV appears at the door] Now you talk to him yourself [Exit.]

[LOMOV enters, exhausted.]

LOMOV: My heart's palpitating awfully. ... My foot's gone to sleep. ... There's something that keeps pulling in my side.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Forgive us, Ivan Vassilevitch, we were all a little heated. ... I remember now: Oxen Meadows really are yours.

LOMOV: My heart's beating awfully. ... My Meadows. ... My eyebrows are both twitching. ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: The Meadows are yours, yes, yours. ... Do sit down. ... [They sit] We were wrong. ...

LOMOV: I did it on principle. ... My land is worth little to me, but the principle ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Yes, the principle, just so. ... Now let's talk of something else.

LOMOV: The more so as I have evidence. My aunt's grandmother gave the land to your father's grandfather's peasants ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Yes, yes, let that pass. ... [Aside] I wish I knew how to get him started. ... [Aloud] Are you going to start shooting soon?

LOMOV: I'm thinking of having a go at the pheasant, honoured Natalya Stepanovna, after the harvest. Oh, have you heard? Just think, what a misfortune I've had! My dog Guess, whom you know, has gone lame.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What a pity! Why?

LOMOV: I don't know. ... Must have got twisted, or bitten by some other dog. ... [Sighs] My very best dog, to say nothing of the expense. I gave Mironov 125 rubles for him.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: It was too much, Ivan Vassilevitch.

LOMOV: I think it was very cheap. He's a first-rate dog.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Papa gave 85 rubles for his Squeezer, and Squeezer is much better than Guess!

LOMOV: Squeezer better than. Guess? What an idea! [Laughs] Squeezer better than Guess!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Of course he's better! Of course, Squeezer is young, he may develop a bit, but on points and pedigree he's better than anything that even Volchanetsky has got.

LOMOV. Excuse me, Natalya Stepanovna, but you forget that he is overshot, and an overshot always means the dog is a bad hunter!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Overshot, is he? It’s the first time I hear it!

LOMOV: I assure you that his lower jaw is shorter than the upper.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Have you measured?

LOMOV: Yes. He's all right at following, of course, but if you want him to get hold of anything ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: In the first place, our Squeezer is a thoroughbred animal, the son of Harness and Chisels, while there's no getting at the pedigree of your dog at all. ... He's old and as ugly as a worn-out cab-horse.

LOMOV: He is old, but I wouldn't take five Squeezers for him. ... Why, how can you? ... Guess is a dog; as for Squeezer, well, it's too funny to argue. ... Anybody you like has a dog as good as Squeezer ... you may find them under every bush almost. Twenty-five rubles would be an excellent price to pay for him.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: There's some demon of contradiction in you today, Ivan Vassilevitch. First you pretend that the Meadows are yours; now, that Guess is better than Squeezer. I don't like people who don't say what they mean, because you know perfectly well that Squeezer is a hundred times better than your silly Guess. Why do you want to say it isn't?

LOMOV: I see, Natalya Stepanovna, that you consider me either blind or a fool. You must realize that Squeezer is overshot!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: It's not true.

LOMOV: He is!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: It's not true!

LOMOV: Why shout, madam?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Why talk nonsense? It's awful! It's time your Guess was shot, and you compare him with Squeezer!

LOMOV: Excuse me; I cannot continue this discussion: my heart is palpitating.

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I've noticed that those hunters argue most who know least.
LOMOV: Madam, please be silent. ... My heart is going to pieces. ... [Shouts] Shut up!
NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I won't shut up until you acknowledge that Squeezer is a hundred times better than your Guess!
LOMOV: A hundred times worse! Be hanged to your Squeezer! His head ... eyes ... shoulder ...
NATALYA STEPANOVNA: There's no need to hang your silly Guess; he's half-dead already!

LOMOV: [Weeps] Shut up! My heart's bursting!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I won't shut up.

[Enter CHUBUKOV.]

CHUBUKOV: What's the matter now?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Papa, tell us truly, which is the better dog, our Squeezer or his Guess.

LOMOV: Stepan Stepanovitch, I beg you to tell me just one thing: is your Squeezer overshot or not? Yes or no?

CHUBUKOV: And suppose he is? What does it matter? He's the best dog in the district for all that, and so on.

LOMOV: But isn't my Guess better? Really, now?

CHUBUKOV: Don't excite yourself, my precious one. ... Allow me. ... Your Guess certainly has his good points. ... He's pure-bred, firm on his feet, has well-sprung ribs, and all that. But, my dear man, if you want to know the truth, that dog has two defects: he's old and he's short in the snout.

LOMOV: Excuse me, my heart. ... Let's take the facts. ... You will remember that on the Marusinsky hunt my Guess ran neck-and-neck with the Count's dog, while your Squeezer was left a whole kilometer behind.

CHUBUKOV: He got left behind because the Count's whipper-in hit him with his whip.

LOMOV: And with good reason. The dogs are running after a fox, when Squeezer goes and starts worrying a sheep!

CHUBUKOV: It's not true! ... My dear fellow, I'm very liable to lose my temper, and so, just because of that, let's stop arguing. You started because everybody is always jealous of everybody else's dogs. Yes, we're all like that! You too, sir, aren't blameless! You no sooner notice that some dog is better than your Guess than you begin with this, that ... and the other ... and all that. ... I remember everything!

LOMOV: I remember too!

CHUBUKOV: [Teasing him] I remember, too. ... What do you remember?

LOMOV: My heart ... my foot's gone to sleep. ... I can't ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: [Teasing] My heart. ... What sort of a hunter are you? You ought to go and lie on the kitchen oven and catch beetles, not go after foxes! My heart!

CHUBUKOV: Yes really, what sort of a hunter are you, anyway? You ought to sit at home with your palpitations, and not go hunting animals. You could go hunting, but you only go to argue with people and interfere with their dogs and so on. Let's change the subject in case I lose my temper. You're not a hunter at all, anyway!

LOMOV: And are you a hunter? You only go hunting to get in with the Count and to intrigue. ... Oh, my heart! ... You're an intriguer!

CHUBUKOV: What? I an intriguer? [Shouts] Shut up!

LOMOV: Intriguer!

CHUBUKOV: Boy! Pup!

LOMOV: Old rat!

CHUBUKOV: Shut up or I'll shoot you like a bird! You fool!

LOMOV: Everybody knows that--oh my heart!--your late wife used to beat you. ... My feet ... temples ... sparks. ... I fall, I fall!

CHUBUKOV: And you're under the slipper of your housekeeper!

LOMOV: There, there, there ... my heart's burst! My shoulder's come off. ... Where is my shoulder? I die. [Falls into an armchair] A doctor! [Faints.]

CHUBUKOV: Boy!  Fool! I'm sick! [Drinks water] Sick!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: What sort of a hunter are you? You can't even sit on a horse! [To her father] Papa, what's the matter with him? Papa! Look, papa! [Screams] Ivan Vassilevitch! He's dead!

CHUBUKOV: I'm sick! ... I can't breathe! ... Air!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: He's dead. [Pulls LOMOV'S sleeve] Ivan Vassilevitch! Ivan Vassilevitch! What have you done to me? He's dead. [Falls into an armchair] A doctor, a doctor! [Hysterics.]

CHUBUKOV: Oh! ... What is it? What's the matter?

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: [Wails] He's dead ... dead!

CHUBUKOV: Who's dead? [Looks at LOMOV] So he is! My word! Water! A doctor! [Lifts a tumbler to LOMOV'S mouth] Drink this! ... No, he doesn't drink. ... It means he's dead, and all that. ... I'm the most unhappy of men! Why don't I put a bullet into my brain? Why haven't I cut my throat yet? What am I waiting for? Give me a knife! Give me a pistol! 

[LOMOV moves] He seems to be coming round. ... Drink some water! That's right. ...

LOMOV: I see stars ... mist. ... Where am I?

CHUBUKOV: Hurry up and get married and--well, to the devil with you! She's willing! [He puts LOMOV'S hand into his daughter's] She's willing and all that. I give you my blessing and so on. Only leave me in peace!

LOMOV: [Getting up] Eh? What? To whom?

CHUBUKOV: She's willing! Well? Kiss and be damned to you!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: [Wails] He's alive. . . Yes, yes, I'm willing. ...

CHUBUKOV: Kiss each other!

LOMOV: Eh? Kiss whom? [They kiss] Very nice, too. Excuse me, what's it all about? Oh, now I understand ... my heart ... stars ... I'm happy. Natalya Stepanovna. ... [Kisses her hand] My foot's gone to sleep. ...

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: I ... I'm happy too. ...

CHUBUKOV: What a weight off my shoulders. ... Ouf!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: But ... still you will admit now that Guess is worse than Squeezer.

LOMOV: Better!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Worse!

CHUBUKOV: Well, that's a way to start your family bliss! Have some champagne!

LOMOV: He's better!

NATALYA STEPANOVNA: Worse! worse! worse!

CHUBUKOV: [Trying to shout her down] Champagne! Champagne!

CURTAIN


Vocabulary:  Vocab probably unknown to intermediate speakers is provided to help with comprehension of the text. Vocab in bold is more useful for the intermediate to upper-intermediate level. Try to choose 8 to 10 new words to learn from the report (in general, most learners should try to study no more than 8-10 words per day for optimal learning).

Definitions are written with the help of Merriam-Webster’s Learner’s Dictionary

Hearty: cheerful, energetic, or healthy.
To get on: to do or deal with something.
Aside: to or toward the side.
Aloud: in a voice that can be heard.
To spit out: (slang) say something clearly.
To consent:  to agree to do or allow something : to give permission for something to happen or be done.
To count on: to trust (someone) : to rely or depend on (someone) to do something
To tremble:  to shake slightly because you are afraid, nervous, excited, etc.
Palpitation: to beat quickly and strongly and often in a way that is not regular because of excitement, nervousness, etc.
To twitch:  to make a slight, sudden movement that is not controlled or deliberate.
Lunatic: an insane person.
Apron: a piece of clothing that is worn on the front of the body over clothes to keep them from getting dirty.
Nelige: a long piece of clothing made of a thin material (such as silk) that is worn in bed by women.
Birchwood: a forest from birch trees, white, pale trees whose outer bark can be pulled off easily.
Marsh: an area of soft, wet land that has many grasses and other plants.
Perpetuity: the state of continuing forever or for a very long time.
To extend:  to continue in a specified direction or over a specified distance, space, or time.
Ruble: the basic unit of money of Russia.
Implore:  to make a very serious or emotional request to (someone): beg.
To make head or tail: to not be able to understand something.
Gypsy:  a member of a nomadic group of people who originally came from northern India and now live mostly in Asia, Europe, and North America.
Crafe:  a glass container that has a wide mouth and that is used to serve drinks (such as water or wine) during a meal.
Hoarse: having a harsh or rough sound or voice.
In dispute: something about which there is a disagreement or argument.
Agitate: to disturb, excite, or anger (someone).
Swindler: to take money or property from (someone) by using lies or tricks : cheat.
Never mind: used to tell someone not to worry about something.
Embezzlement: to steal money that you have been trusted with.
Lunacy: extreme foolishness or mental illness.
Hump-backed: a back in which the spine is curved in an abnormal way.
Schemer: Someone who makes  a clever and often dishonest plan to do or get something.
Bribe: something valuable (such as money) that is given in order to get someone to do something, usually something illegal or dishonest.
Numb: unable to feel anything in a particular part of your body because of cold, injury, etc.
Villain: a character in a story, movie, etc., who does bad things.
Wail: to make a loud, long cry of sadness or pain.
Hysterics: uncontrolled laughter, crying, or extreme emotion : a fit of hysteria.
Burden: Something heavy that is carried or something difficult to accept or deal with
Curse: to say offensive words to (someone).
Lame: having an injured leg or foot that makes walking difficult or painful       
Contradiction: the act of saying something that is opposite or very different in meaning to something else
Confounded: (old-fashioned) very bad or annoying.
Defect: a problem or fault that makes someone or something not perfect or good enough condition: such as a physical problem.
Snout: the long nose of some animals
Intrigue: 1. to make (someone) want to know more about something : to cause (someone) to become interested; 2. To make secret plans.
Faint: to suddenly become unconscious.

To come (a)round: to become conscious.

English for Russian Speakers: 10 More Common Mistake



This is the second article in a series of articles about common mistakes in English for Russian speakers (although English learners who speak other languages also make some of these mistakes too). You can see the first article here on this blog and here on Italki . Together, both articles include 25 of the most common mistakes made by Russian-speaking students learning English.


Dictionary and Vocabulary

Incorrect: In order to improve my English level, I need to increase my dictionary.

Correct: In order to improve my English level, I need to increase my vocabulary.

The confusion between these two words comes from the fact that in Russian they can both be translated as Словарь, but in English they are two different words. A dictionary is a book or an electronic resource that has a list of words and their definitions. Vocabulary refers to the words used in a particular language, or the words known by an individual.

Finding the definition of words in a dictionary can help you to increase your vocabulary.


Decide and Solve

In Russian, decide and solve are very similar and are both usually translated as решать, but they have different meanings in English. Decide means to make a choice, but solve means to make the best or correct choice to answer or fix a problem.

We decided to have Chinese food instead of Mexican food (we made a choice).

Solve this math problem: X+10=15

Tim and Tina decided that the best way to solve their relationship problems was to talk more with each other and improve their communication skills.


That and What

Incorrect: I think what you should study more.

Correct: I think (that) you should study more (‘that’ can be used or omitted).

In my opinion, this mistake is one of the most common and difficult to explain. Part of the problem is because that and what can both be translated as the Russian word что.

First let’s look at when to use what. The simple answer I sometimes give my lower level students is that you usually use that instead of what unless you are answering or asking a question with what. However, this is often not the case, and the actual answer is more complex.

The actual answer is that while the word what is often used as an interrogative pronoun (a pronoun used to ask questions), for example, “What is your name?”, it can also be used as a fused (joined) relative pronoun, for example, “I like what you wrote in the article’. This is a bit more difficult to understand, but basically, in this case what refers to the thing being liked (the article), and cannot be removed because it substitutes for the object in the first part of the sentence.

I like what you said at the meeting yesterday.

Therefore, when what is the object of a noun clause, like in the above examples, it is necessary and cannot be removed.

However, when that is used as a conjunction to introduce a noun clause, it’s not necessary, and in cases where the sentences is clear, we can omit that:

He told me (that) he had been there before.

She decided (that) it was a good idea to bring an umbrella.

I think (that) studying another language is a good use of time.


Fun and Funny

Incorrect: The joke was so fun (that) we laughed out loud (yes, we can omit ‘that’ here! See above).

Correct: The joke was so funny (that) we laughed out loud.

Incorrect: Learning new things can be funny.

Correct: Learning new things can be fun (yes, it can sometimes be funny too depending on what you learn!)

It’s fun to play in the sun.

Fun (весело) is something that is enjoyable and pleasurable.  Funny (смешной)  is something that is humorous and might cause us to laugh or something that might seem amusing (забавный).  It’s easy to confuse the meanings because they can be similar: something fun can be funny and something funny can be fun.

We had a fun time watching funny movies.


Learn and Study

Incorrect: Babies study how to make sentences after the age of two years old.

Correct: Babies learn how to make sentences after the age of two years old.

Like in Russian, learn and study are very close in meaning, and often we can substitute one for the other. For example:

We already learned/studied that subject last year.

The difference is that learning is the process of acquiring, or getting knowledge or skills. Studying, however, is the process of devoting time and energy to trying to learn something. In this sense, one may study all day but learn nothing. Study is usually translated as изучить or учиться.  Learn is usually translated as научиться, учить, узнавать, although it also can be used as учиться, which is another reason for the confusion between the two words.

Without rest, exercise, and a healthy diet, students may study hard but learn little.

As long as you live, keep learning how to live. --Lucius Annaeus Seneca


Story and History

Incorrect: They have many interesting histories from their travels.

Correct: They have many interesting stories from their travels.

In Russian, the word, история, can be translated as either story or history, depending on the context. However, these words usually have different meanings in English. Story is used for a general telling about real or imagined events for entertainment or other purposes.

The story of her life was made into a movie.

I like adventure stories that happen in magical lands with wizards, warriors, and monsters.

Story can also be used to tell about past events from someone’s life or the development of something.

My grandfather told me many stories about his life when he was young.

The Beatles are essential to the story of modern pop music (in this sense history can also be used).

Like in Russian, history refers to the subject of history, the study of past events, and the recording of these events.

"Those who do not learn history are doomed to repeat it." --George Santayana

If you have a good teacher, history class can be very interesting.

History can also be a series of past events connected with something or someone.

The history of this old house is quite interesting.

It’s important to share your medical history with a new doctor.

After a history failed relationships, she finally got married.

Check out this link for more information on how to use the word history.


 Ill, Ills and Illness

Incorrect: Most types of ills can be treated by medicine, but, of course, not all of them can be cured.

Correct: Most types of illnesses can be treated by medicine…

Illness (болезнь) is when someone is unwell (sick), and is a noun.

He has a bad illness.

Ill in singular form can be used as a noun or an adjective referring to one who is sick or unwell.

He wasn’t able to come today because he is ill. (adjective)

It’s important that we remember that the mentally ill can suffer as much as the physically ill. (noun)

Ill should be used only in singular form when talking about disease or sickness. If we want to talk about different forms of being ill,  we can used illness in the plural form.

People can suffer from both mental and physical illnesses at the same time.

Ill can also be an noun that refers to something that is evil, or causes harm or misfortune.

We wish no one ill.

In this sense, we can use ill in the plural form.

Although humanity has solved many social ills, there are still many ills that we are still trying to fix such as pollution, war, and crime.


Complex and Difficult

Even people with simple personalities, after some study, are more complex then they seem.
He has a difficult personality, it can be very hard to live or work with her.

Complex and difficult can both be translated as сложный in Russian, but the meanings are different in English. Complex means something that consists of many different and connected parts. Difficult means something that takes much effort to do. Sometimes a complex task can be difficult, so in this way, the words can be related, but they are not the same.

The complex economic issues of our modern times are difficult to solve.

But a difficult task is not always complex.

It was very difficult to train for the marathon, but it wasn’t complex. I just had to follow my training schedule, and run a little farther each day.


Keep and Hold

These two words can usually be translated as держать or  иметь  in Russian, and while sometimes the words can be used interchangeably, they often have different meanings.

Sometimes the words have the same meaning:

A good teacher should be able to keep/hold students’ attention.

One should keep/hold their head straight to have good posture.

On the simplest level, hold often means to grasp or take something, while keep means to take something and possess it, to continue to have it.

Let’s look at the following examples:

Can I hold your baby?

If someone asks this question, they are asking to hold it in their arms for a short time.

Can I keep your baby?

This is a totally different question: here they are asking to take the baby and to never give it back, but to have (keep) it for themselves.

However, someone can make it clear that they only want to keep something for a limited time.

Can you keep my cat until next Tuesday?

However, there are many differences between the two words and besides the basic difference mentioned above, the best thing to do is to review the various definitions for each word and to memorize the collections with the different meanings. With practice, you’ll be able to use the correct word for the correct meaning.

We are holding a meeting next week… NOT keeping a meeting.

It’s important to keep safe when visiting a new place… NOT hold safe.

She kept forgetting his name… NOT held forgetting.

Some additional resources on this topic can be found here and here.

Corner and Angle

Incorrect: The upper right angle of the picture was damaged.

Correct: The upper right corner of the picture was damaged.

Incorrect: Although the cliff is not high, it drops down to the ocean at a very sharp corner.

Correct: Although the cliff is not high, it drops down to the ocean at a very sharp angle.

These two words are confused because they can be translated as the word угол in Russian, however, in English they are different but related words.

A simple way to remember the difference is that a corner is usually a physical thing.

I will meet you on the corner of Main Street and 2nd Avenue.

She was sitting in the corner of the room.

The page number is usually in the corner of a book’s page.

An angle is usually a term of measurement about two lines that come together. These lines can be imaginary or real.

A square has four equal sides and four equal 90 degree angles. (Imaginary or real)

At first the path up the mountain was not too difficult, although there were some parts where the elevation increased at a very sharp angle. (real)

In the second example, the two lines coming together are the flat part of the path and the part of the path that has a sharp change in elevation.


If you understand how not to make these ten common mistakes, it will help you use the words discussed in this article correctly. As mentioned above, a good way to try to learn the differences between the words is to memorize common collocations with these words, for example, the corner of the street, a right angle (90 degree angle), keep safe, hold still. And, of course, practice, practice practice actively (through speaking and writing) using the words in context.
What are some other common mistakes that Russian speakers learning English make (or English learners who speak other languages)? Feel free to add your own thoughts in the comment section.